Submitted by: Alexander SIDOROVICH(68) Alexander SIDOROVICH fenomena Log in to become a member of Alexander SIDOROVICH's Fan Club!
Electromagnetic induction [1, 2] is the phenomenon of excitement of the magnetomotive force (MMF) of induction in a contour as a result of change of an electric induction flux (or electric flux linkage of the contour) across surface, bounded by this contour, because of change of field itself or motion of the contour (magnetic, magnetodielectric or another magnetisable body) in stationary electric field.
The phenomenon of “electromagnetic induction" [1, 2], together with the phenomena “magnetic mutual induction" [2] and “magnetic self-induction" [2], was identified in 1980 (A. M. Sidorovich [2]), as the dual-symmetric induction phenomenon to the classical fundamental phenomenon of Faraday’s “magnetoelectric induction" (1831). As it is known, M. Faraday had failure to bring out such phenomenon of electromagnetic induction in a direct experiment, in spite of the undertaken endeavours in this direction: the experiments in 1838 to reveal a magnetic field of the moving charged sphere were finished unsuccessfully. The similar experiments with the moving charged spheres later in 1901 were performed by E. Adams (in J. J. Thomson’s laboratory) with the doubtfull positive results. Nevertheless, the fact of excitation of a magnetic field at change (a carry together with discrete charged particles in a conductor) of an electric field, which is known in the no evident form from the times of Oersted’s experiments (1820), received the further development in Maxwell’s hypothesis of displacement currents (1862) [3] for the vacuum and for the substance media. Maxwell’s hypothesis was verified indirectly by Hertz’s discovery of electromagnetic waves (1888) and by the direct qualitative experiment of S. P. Thompson (1889) [6] with indication of a curl magnetic field in the magnetic at change of an electric field in the dielectric. The quantitative experiments of similar kind (for “transformation MMF") were carried out later (J. Br. Whitehead, 1903-1905; E. Koch, 1910). The further veryfication experiments (for “MMF of motion") were made with reference to a measurement of the magnetic field of the convection currents of a carry of free or bound electric charges [the experiments of H. A. Rowland (1876), W. C. Roentgen (1885) and A. A. Eichenwald (1901-1903)].
As known, J. C. Maxwell has not worked out the equation for a magnetomotive force, bounded with “a magnetizing action on an iron, moving in electric field", that was noted by L. Boltzmann in the editorial comments to the German edition (1898) of the works of J. C. Maxwell [3]. Therefore the results of the above-mentioned experiments for “MMF of motion" are quite adequate only to the generalized equations of Maxwell-Hertz for moving media (1890) [5] with the modification of the formula of J. J. Thomson (1881) [4] for magnetic field of electric charges in translatory motion.
On practice the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction means, that a magnetic field and magnetization (magnetic polarization) should be produced by induction in any closed contour of a magnetic, when the electric induction flux across surface, bounded by this contour, is changing. It is occuring in cases, when is a change of electric field itself or a motion of a magnetic through the external electric field, across it. The effect is essentially developed on the high frequencies for concentrated bodies or when the electromagnetic waves (H. Hertz, 1888) or magnetoelectric waves (A. M. Sidorovich, 1988) are propagating in the open space and in the waveguide directional or resonant systems.
“Electromagnetic Induction" (A. M. Sidorovich, 1980; J. C. Maxwell, 1862; J. J. Thomson, 1881; H. Hertz, 1890), together with other fundamental phenomenon – “Magnetodynamic Force" (O. Heaviside, 1893; A. M. Sidorovich, V. A. Sichik, 1984), are the basis for principle of operation of the “magnetic inductive machines" [8] with an electric field of excitation (generators and motors, as well magnetic transformer with a curl electric field), that opens ample scope for progress in the development of a number of another electrical and radio-engineering devices and apparatus. Moreover, starting from the new conception of the phenomenon “electromagnetic induction" [1], the cause of a beginning, configuration and polarity of the original magnetic field of the Earth and planets finds out an explanation in dependence of the speed and the direction it’s rotation around own axis [8].
Law of electromagnetic induction, which is the quantitative representation of the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, consist in such a manner, that the produced MMF of electromagnetic induction in a contour is quantitatively equal and opposite in sign to the rate of change of an electric induction flux (or electric flux linkage) across surface, bounded by this contour.
Further, according to Lentz’s law (1833) [7], here the Rule of Lentz also is in force for determination of a direction of the induced MMF and the exciting magnetic current of polarization in a contour, which always acts in such a direction, that the produced by it the electric induction flux opposes the change in flux of electric induction, which produces the MMF. It, accordingly, demand for the opposite sign in the above-presented relations, which in result may be both “–" and “+", in dependence from accepted conditional directions.
As a result, the direction of the induced MMF and magnetic polarization in a magnetic, magnetodielectric or another body, moving in electric field across to the force lines, is determining by the mnemonic “rule of a left hand" or the strength induced magnetic field is determining by the vector product (in agreed-upon rightwinding system of co-ordinates) [in the form of modification of the formula of J. J. Thomson (1881) [4], which originaly was introduced by him for the expression of the magnetic field of a convection current]:
H = [D v]
The term “electromagnetic induction", which has been unlegitimately using in period more one and a half century for Faraday’s law of induction {contrary to Faraday’s terminology for the opened by him phenomenon of “magnetoelectric induction" (1831) [9]}, in the new interpretation (1980) [1, 2], substantiated physically, terminologically and in a sense for the another allied phenomenon, presents such natural fact, that a varying electric field – the cause, and an originated magnetic field – the consequence, namely, -- “Electromagnetic induction" (Sidorovich A. M., 1980 [1, 2]. Consequently, the dual-symmetric induction phenomenon, in which a varying magnetic field – the cause, and an originated electric field – the consequence, is “Magnetoelectric induction" (M. Faraday, 1831 [9]).
References
[1] Sidorovich A. M., Electromagnetic Induction (New Conception). -- Proc. Int. Symp. (ISEF’87), Pavia, Italy, September 1987, p. 25-27.
[2] Sidorovich A. M., To binary-inversion interpretation of Maxwell’s equations and the induction phenomena // News of Acad. Sci. BSSR. Ser. phys.-mat. sci., 1980, No 3, p. 126 (In Russian).
[3] Maxwell J. C. On Physical Lines of Force. Pt. 3 // Phil. Mag., 1862, vol. XXIII, p. 12-24.
[4] Thomson J. J. On the electric and magnetic effects produced by the motion of electrified bodies. – Phil. Mag., 1881, vol. 11, p. 229-249.
[5] Hertz H. Über die Grundgleichungen der Electrodynamik für bewegte Körper // Ann. d. Phys., 1890. T. 41. S. 369-399.
[6] Thompson S. P. On the magnetic action of displacement currents in a dielectric. – Proc. Roy. Soc., 1889, 45, p. 392-393.
[7] Lentz E. Ch. Über die Bestimmung der Richtung der durch elektrodynamische Verteilung erregten galvanischen Ströme. – Ann. d. Phys. u. Chem., Leipzig, 1834, Bd. XXXI, S. 483-494.
[8] Sidorovich A. M. Comparison of the Principle Peculiarities of the Electric and Magnetic Inductive Machines. – Proc. Int. Conference on Electrical Machines, Istanbul (Turkey), 2 - 4 September 1998.
[9] Faraday M. Experimental Researches in Electricity [Ser.1, pt. 2. Evolution of electricity from magnetismus] // Philosoph. Trans. of the Royal Soc., 1832, p. 133-145.
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