Important events that influenced the culture and development of Scotland and the United Kingdom:
122 Hadrian’s Wall constructed to keep barbaric Picts out of Roman Britain (73 miles long and 8 years to complete)
296 Pictish people first mentioned in Roman Literature
430 Roman control of Britain ends
501 Kingdom of Dalriada is founded by Scots from Ireland (Gaelic and Christian)
832 Birth of the Saltire - Picts and Scots defeat Norththumbrians at the Ford of Athelstan
843 Kenneth MacAlpine crowned king of Scots and Picts
1040 Macbeth slays Duncan to become King of Scotland
1066 Norman Conquest of England begins
1272 William Wallace born
1274 Robert the Bruce born
1297 Battle of Stirling Bridge and Wallace becomes “Guardian of Scotland"
1298 Battle of Falkirk - Wallace defeated by King Edward
1305 William Wallace is executed (“hung, drawn, and quartered")
1306 Robert the Bruce crowned king
1314 Battle of Bannockburn . 8,000 Scots under Bruce and defeat 25-30,000 troops of Edward II. Scotland has independence.
1329 Death of Robert Bruce (possibly leprosy)
1349 The Bubonic Plague (Black Plague) strikes Scotland
1412 University of St. Andrew’s founded
1451 University of Glasgow founded
1513 Battle of Flodden and death of James IV as he invaded England
1560 Protestant Reformation and beginnings of Presbyterianism
1568 Abdication of Queen Mary
1572 John Knox dies
1603 Union of the Crowns of England and Scotland .
1671 Rob Roy MacGregor born
1707 Union of the English and Scottish parliaments forming Great Britain
171 The Fifteen Rebellion - the Jacobites fighting for James Stuart were defeated at the Battle of Sheriffmuir
1716 Many Jacobite Highlanders began emigrating to Americas
1745 The Fort-Five Rebellion - Scottish victory at Battle of Prestonpans
1746 Battle of Culloden - Bonnie Prince Charles (Charles Edward Stuart) is defeated by Duke of Cumberland
1826 Scotland ’s first commercial railway opened between Edinburgh and Dalkeith
1759 Birth of Robert Burns, National Bard of Scotland
1764 St. Andrew’s Old Course established (18 holes)
1771 Birth of Sir Walter Scot
1779 Bowmore distillery founded on Isle of Islay (Oldest Scotch distillery)
1780 Society of Antiquaries of Scotland founded by David Steuart Erskine, 11 th Earl of Buchan
1846 Potato Famine
1850 Birth of Robert Louis Stevenson
1996 The “Stone of Destiny," Scotland ’s Coronation Stone, returned from London to Edinburgh Castle 700 years after being stolen by Edward I
1997 Establishment of National Tartan Day ( USA )
Mr. Klemens is an accomplished author, writer, and practicing pharmacist. He has authored a book on integrative medicine and numerous essays and articles in local, national, and international magazines, and web sites. Topics include integrative medicine, Oriental medicine, herbs and supplements, health and fitness, Scottish culture, and leadership and ethics. He is also listed in the Marquis Who’s Who in America, a member of Clan Gregor, and is a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.
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