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In this article I will describe the physical structure of a photon using the SR Theory physical model as the basis for the explanation. By definition in Quantum Theory the photon is considered the quantum of the electromagnetic field. Basically, electromagnetic fields are made up of large numbers of photons. This of course means that electromagnetic interaction is mediated by the exchange of photons. SR Theory does not disagree with any of those statements.
Also the photon is one of the elementary particles and its interactions with electrons and atomic nuclei account for a great many features of matter. SR Theory goes beyond the current limited knowledge of what a photon is. It physically describes what it is and why it behaves as it does.
According to the current paradigm in physics which concerns the wave-particle duality it is normal for the photon to exhibit either aspect of its nature. The behavior that the photon displays depends completely on the circumstances. If we use an experiment that looks at the wave nature of the photon we see that the photon acts like a wave. If we then use an experiment that examines the particle nature of the photon we get results that prove that it is a particle. Physicists say that a photon "sometimes acts like a wave and sometimes acts as a particle. What SR Theory says is that a photon always acts like both. For instance when photons strike a light-sensitive device such as a solar cell it acts like a particle. At other times a photon acts like a wave, as in the case when light passes through the slit in Thomas Young's Double Slit Experiment.
SR Theory explains all the properties of the photon. The properties of the photon are:
1. wavelength
2. spin
3. energy
4. momentum
The key to understanding the Universe is by asking the right questions. The right questions in the instance of the photon are:
1. What is the photon made of?
2. How is it constructed?
3. What physically happens with the photon that makes it exhibit its characteristic properties?
4. Why does it travel at the speed 299,792,458 m/s?
5. Why is it always in motion?
In order to answer all of the above questions I believe that a mechanical explanation is required. It is therefore necessary to closely scrutinize all of the properties of the photon. The photon's properties and behaviors are the clues that help describe the physical nature of the photon. The unique properties that the photon possesses also reveal the inner workings of the Universe as well.
Using the technique of an analytical troubleshooter we will get to answer all of the above questions and more. The technique is fairly simple. You take one question at a time and then, you drill down into the topic even further by asking additional questions. The next step is to perform research and lastly brainstorm to form a reasonable theory that explains the observable phenomena. For example, "What is the Photon made of ?" The first question that comes to mind is what do I have to choose from in so far as materials that could be used to construct a photon. Current theories describe the photon as a massless and chargeless point in space. It is a fundamental particle meaning it does not break down into something smaller. So far conventional theory says nothing about what the photon is made of or what its construction is. It has no charge and no mass yet it does have energy. Hmm, this is a bit of a contradiction if it has energy it must have mass according to E=MC2. So either Einstein's famous equation is incorrect or our current description of the photon is flawed. Since using current theories of Quantum Mechanics ordinary Relativity and String Theory offer no explanation for what a photon is made up of. I turned to SR Theory for a possible explanation.
The SR Theory Mechanical Model
SR Theory says that there is only one thing that exists in the Universe and everything is made up of this physical material. Space is the one and only thing, it is the only material object there is. Therefore a Photon must be made up of spatial material. This answers question number one. If in fact the Photon is made of space then it is reasonable to assume all of the other various particles are also made up of space as well. In order for particles to be able to be distinguished from ordinary space they have to be physically different in some way. A particle, therefore is defined as any region of space that has been physically deformed in a mechanical way. A very important axiom of Super Relativity is that particle geometries can be transformed but they cannot be destroyed. Examples of this principle are proven by particle collision experiments and the laws of conservation of energy and mass.
Because space is a finite but unbounded structure certain types of deformations must not be able to unravel and return to an undistorted or as I like to describe it an unconfigured state. I am sure by now you are asking yourself, "What do I mean?" when I say configured space. In order for particles to exist and be recognizable as distinct entities within space they must be distorting space mechanically.
An example of what I am talking about is shown below:
Figure Electron-Positron Diagram
The Feynman diagram shown above is one of many possible interactions that can occur when a positron and electron collide.
The Feynman diagram below is one of the most common occurrences when an electron e- and a positron e+ collide and it is called electron-positron annihilation. The result of this collision is the transformation of the electrons into gamma ray photons. In the example below all the conservation laws are conserved.
• Conservation of charge. The net charge before and after is zero.
• Conservation of linear momentum and total energy. This forbids the creation of a single gamma ray.
• Conservation of angular momentum.
Figure Electron / Positron Annihilation
This particular interaction reveals much more than what is currently acknowledged by Quantum mechanics. I will focus closely on this interaction. No physical explanation is given for this phenomenon. The mathematical description is there but there is no mechanical explanation or understanding.
Axiom of Charge vs Matter
Neutrally Charged Fundamental Particles
1. Neutrally charged fundamental particles always have zero mass.
2. Neutrally charged fundamental particles always travel in straight lines and have zero angular momentum.
3. According to SR's Theory "Origin of Gravity Axiom" because they travel in a straight line with zero angular momentum and are traveling at a constant speed they do not generate any inertial gravitational field. They have no mass.
4. These particles are composed of equal amounts of positive and negative charge.
5. The positive and negative charge represents matter and anti-matter components of the particle therefore these particles are there own anti-particles.
Unbalanced Charged Fundamental Particles
1. Unbalanced Charged Fundamental particles such as the electron always have mass.
2. Unbalanced Charged Fundamental particles always travel in curve paths and have angular momentum.
3. According to SR Theory Origin of Gravity Axiom because they do not travel in a straight line they possess angular momentum and are therefore accelerating. Since they are accelerating they do generate an inertial gravitational field. They have mass.
Non-fundamental Particles
1. Non-fundamental Particles that are composed oppositely charged fundamental particles and they always possess mass. 2. The Non-fundamental Particles which are composed of oppositely charged fundamental particles are moving in tight orbits at high speeds. 3. Since these composition particles possess angular momentum and are therefore accelerating they generate inertial mass.
The axiom above lays the logical and philosophical groundwork for what I am about to say. The photon therefore is a particle composed of two parts the first part being composed of a mechanical twist that directly corresponds to ordinary matter and for the sake of argument is twisted in the clockwise rotation. The second part is connected and melded to the first part is a second mechanical twist in the reverse direction counterclockwise. Since it is composed of
equal but opposite amount of charge it overall charge is zero or neutral. So according to the axiom above it will travel in a straight path and have no mass.
So far so good. The proof of what I just stated has been around for decades and up until now it has been completely unnoticed. Examine Figure 2 again and observe what happens during this particular particle collision. First we have two particles with unbalanced charges traveling along and they are forced to collide. Before the collision the electron is negatively charged and has mass while the positron is positively charged and has mass. They then collide and physically merge. The result of which is 2 gamma ray (high energy) photons. Now here is where it gets interesting. The result of this collision causes the particles that have mass the electron and positron to transform into 2 photons that suddenly have no mass. Remember according to the Super Relativity axiom above the photon is composed of one part matter and one part anti-matter. The proof of this construction is the positron / electron annihilation. Two particles of equal but opposite charge are melded together and transform into 2 new particles (photons) that are composed of 2 equal parts but opposite charges and now suddenly have no mass. This is proof positive that the photon must be made of equal but opposite charges.
Therefore photons like all particles are nothing more than physical deformations of space itself and because space is a finite but unbounded structure all types of deformations must not be able to unravel and return to an undistorted or as I like to describe it an unconfigured state. I am sure by now you are asking yourself, "What do I mean?" when I say configured space. In order for particles to exist and be recognizable as distinct entities within space they must be distorting space mechanically.
The Dimensions of Space
There are 4 different ways to distort space mechanically. See drawings Below:
  
Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3
The image in Figure 1 shows 3 of the dimensions needed for gravity to exist and be able to manifest in our Universe. Mechanically speaking dimensions in SR Theory are defined as ways that space can be deformed. There is one dimension assigned for each axis of movement. For example in Figure 1 there are three axis of movement (3 ways to stretch or contract space)
1. On the X axis (back and forth)
2. On the Y axis (up and down)
3. On the Z axis (to and fro - Diagonally)
Stretching or contracting space in this way allows for spherical geometries to exist. See Figure 1, this is what is required for gravity to manifest itself in the Universe.
There is still another type of deformation needed to allow electrostatic fields to occur. This mechanical distortion is what drives the matter and energy phenomena in our Universe.
In figures 2 and 3 the most important property of matter / energy is revealed. This most important property is the physical twisting i.e., spatial inversion. In figure 2 a simple 2 dimensional view from the side shows a slice of space that is twisted. This should help you visualize what is actually happening. In Figure 3 a direct head on view of what space looks like when there is an inversion. This is the only way that can create a situation in which electrostatic charge can manifest itself in our Universe. If you think about it, this is the way it has to be. It makes perfect sense. Without the spatial inversion deformation type we have a Universe that has only 3 dimensional particles that exhibit a force of attraction only. The Universe would have never been born from the Big Bang if there was gravity only. If a Universe could expand it would most certainly collapse in a hurry. We need charge, the Coulomb force so that there is a force of attraction and repulsion.
The Coulomb force also provides a mechanism by which particles can establish more complicated structures such as atoms and molecules. It also forms the basis for fundamental force mediating particles such as the Photon. We have to have attraction and repulsion so that atomic and subatomic particles do not collapse into one big clump. The spatial inversion also endows particles with another important attribute. It gives them motion. Not just ordinary motion, but places the particles in a state of perpetual motion. Photons and Electrons never stand still. They never stop. They may slow down when they enter a different medium such as air or water but they do not stop. Quite simply, the reason is this, any region of space that is twisted will be pulled forward because of the negatively charged inverted region and also be pushed forward because of the positively charged region.
What is charge?
At this point a brief definition for charge needs to be given. Charge according to SR Theory occurs whenever there is a particle that has a disproportionate amount of inherent twist in clockwise or counterclockwise direction. For the sake of discussion we can call space that is twisted clockwise as negatively charged space and space that is twisted counterclockwise as positively charged space. When a fundamental particle is composed of equal amounts of charge this particle is symmetrical. These types of particles tend to be chargeless and massless. They also travel in a straight path and have a spin of zero. The photon possesses all of the above traits. SR Theory makes one important distinction that differs from the standard model. SR Theory says that photons are not chargeless meaning that they possess no charge at all. Photons according to SR Theory possess an equal amount of both positive and negative charge which yields an overall value of zero charge. The physical construction of the particle has both components and they cancel out. The photon is its own anti-particle and is a helix that is composed a front end twist composed of ordinary matter and a backend composed of anti-matter.
Fortunately for us and our Universe space is a finite but unbounded system. Therefore there is no edge of space no end where the twisted regions can be released. So charged particles like the photon travel through space forever seeking a region where they can unwind and be restored to an unconfigured state. The Coulomb force is necessary so that atomic structures can form and also be allowed to transform states when energy is either added or subtracted from an atom or molecule. In SR Theory all particle interactions occur because of the Coulomb force and its counterpart the magnetic field. The Coulomb force makes it possible for more complicated atomic structures to form astable multivibrator like oscillatory states. This is the basic universal construct to form all matter.
The Internal Structure of the Photon
The internal core of the photon is composed of two regions. The first region is twisted in one direction lets say clockwise. The front of the photon starts at zero degrees of spatial twist and builds to a maximum of 180 degree inversion. The inversion then begins its decline all the way to zero degrees. At this point the inversion begins again but this time the twist is a reverse counter clockwise motion. The last statement is a bit confusing so I will attempt to explain what I mean by reverse counter clockwise. The photon's construction is 1 part matter and another part anti-matter. The first half is composed of space that is twisted 180 degrees clockwise. The second half of the photon is composed of a region of space that is twisted counterclockwise and flipped and therefore is facing the opposite direction. The two pieces are coupled back to back. This ensures that the deformation of space continues in the same direction but causes space to be turned in the negative region generating the negative charge, while at the same time helps the photon to travel in the same direction as the front end of the photon. This is the push pull mechanism I talked about earlier.
It again builds to the maximum 180 degrees and then declines back to zero. This creates a perfectly balanced structure that minimizes its interaction with space as these two counter charged twisted regions form the basis for what SR Theory calls the Slip Wave. As the photon moves it spins causing space to stretch and turn as it goes. The spinning stretching moving deformational structure creates an overshielding magnetic layer structure that is composed of highly stretched space. The overshielding gives the photon the combined characteristics of maximum perpetual propulsion and at the same time minimizes the photon's interaction with space and other material structures.
Because of this configuration there is no gravitational component within the photon. The reason that the photon does not manifest a gravitational field like other particles is that it is not accelerating. It moves at a constant speed in a straight line. According to SR Theory the only particles that generate mass are fundamental unbalanced charged particles or particles that are not fundamental and are composed of fundamental imbalanced charge particle combinations. Imbalanced charge particles move in tight circular orbits and therefore are accelerating this generates the gravitational field. Please see the chapter entitled "The Origin of Gravity and Inertia" for more information about how particles create gravitational fields.
This means that the photon for the most part is isolated from the external environment and prevented from reacting strongly gravitationally speaking with other matter. Therefore there are to components that inhibit photons from generating gravitational fields.
- The photon is a balanced charge particle
- The reason that photons are not accelerating is because they travel in straight lines.
- The spatial twist stretches space dampening the interaction between the internal core and space.
In SR theory there is a prediction that says that there will be a transformational equation that describes space's finite ability to support force. Space has a finite amount of force potential capability stored within it. An example of space's limitation is the phenomenon known as the Black Hole or Singularity. This is a region of space that is one-dimensional, having only one property, in this case gravity. When mass concentration reaches a certain density space collapses and a singularity is born. This is the key. If space can become one dimensional in the gravitational sense why can't it also have a finite limit for the other two properties, electrostatic fields and magnetic fields?
For example if we continued twisting space using either a magnetic or electrostatic fields SR Theory predicts that space would at some point lose its ability to express itself gravitationally. In other words in the region of the intense magnetic or electrostatic field gravity would be greatly diminished. It is this predicted phenomenon that explains why a photon achieves the maximum velocity. It is because the space around the photon has an intense magnetic field which tightens space and allows it to travel at the maximum allowable speed. The stretching and the fact that it is not accelerating cancels the Lorentzian effects of increase mass transformation. The special relativity (Lorentz Transformation) equation below does not compute the proper value for mass for the photon because the photon's electromagnetic field changes the properties of space itself.
The above example of how a photon is constructed is basically the way all particles work. The degree of spatial twisting and spatial collapse gives the particle the unique properties that it exhibits. Spatial collapse can only occur when there are particles that have mass. The degree of collapse is determined by the Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction formula and the Lorentz mass increase formula. The explanation for spatial collapse and the source of gravitational fields is given in the chapter describing the nature of gravity later on in the book.
SR Theory states that spatial twisting can to a degree cloak or mask the gravitational component of both fundamental and non-fundamental particles. This is due to the fact that twisting space causes space to stretch. This type of spatial deformation caused by twisted space causes space itself to become tighter. The increased tension enables particles to slip through space faster and without resistance.
The photon which is a 3 dimensional spiral like device is composed of at most 90 degrees of clockwise turning. This gives the first part of the component maximum negative charge. The turning begins a decline returning to zero degrees. The second part of the photon construction is its ant-particle twin half which begins turning in the opposite direction for -90 degrees maximum and then returns to 0 degrees turn. It is also important to note that theses two halves are connected back to back. This construction ensures that both spatial turns are in the same direction and gives the photon a united push pull motion in the same direction. It path is straight as the opposite charges cancel and so it manifests no mass with a net total zero charge but has energy that perpetually propels it through space.
Summary
SR Theory describes the photon as a mechanical object that is constructed using a special geometric configuration that is twisted. The twisting causes space to be stretched. Stretching space modifies the properties of space. Since SR Theory states that universal constants are affected by the structure of space it is therefore safe to conclude that all the constants that we use to calculate mass and energy are affected by spatial deformation fields. The configuration of particles also determines how they behave. The reason particles move is because of spatial twisting which SR Theory defines as charge. Different values of charge and the degree of intensity of the twists affect the particles frequency and energy characteristics. These variations in turn affect the particles behavior which is manifested by how particles move and interact with other particles and fields.
The final theory that unifies the true forces of nature is a special version of Relativity, called Super Relativity. For more information about the force unification aspects of this SR Theory, please read the following articles on this site: " What are Matter and Energy? ," and " The Spatial Properties,".
Ó 2006, Superrelativity.org.
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